Tagalog UPOS XPOS NER DEP

UPOS (Universal POS)

UPOS (Universal Part-of-Speech) tags are a core component of the Universal Dependencies (UD) project, designed to provide a standardized, fixed set of 17 categories that remain consistent across all human languages. Unlike language-specific systems (XPOS), which reflect the unique morphological intricacies of a single tongue, UPOS focuses on the functional role of a word. By stripping away language-specific "noise," UPOS allows researchers and developers to compare syntactic structures cross-linguistically and facilitates Cross-Lingual Transfer Learning—where an AI model trained on one language (like English) can apply its structural knowledge to another (like Romanian or Korean). It essentially serves as a "Lingua Franca" for computational linguistics, ensuring that a NOUN remains a NOUN whether the underlying grammar is agglutinative, fusional, or analytic.

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UPOS Universal Part-of-Speech
Group	Tag	Meaning	Example
Open Class	ADJ	Adjective	malaki, matanda, berde, hindi maunawaan, una
	ADV	Adverb	napaka, bukas, pababa, saan, doon
	INTJ	Interjection	psst, aray, bravo, kumusta
	NOUN	Noun (common)	babae, pusa, puno, hangin, kagandahan
	PROPN	Proper Noun	Maria, Juan, London, NATO, HBO
	VERB	Verb	tumakbo, tumatakbo, tumatakbo, kumain, kumain, kinain
Closed Class	ADP	Adposition	sa, patungo sa, sa panahon ng
	AUX	Auxiliary	ay, mayroon, gagawin, dapat
	CONJ	Conjunction	at, o, ngunit (legacy tag)
	CCONJ	Coordinating Conjunction	at, o, ngunit
	SCONJ	Subordinating Conjunction	kung, habang, na
	DET	Determiner	isang, ang
	NUM	Numeral	1, 2017, isa, pitumpu't pito, MMXIV
	PART	Particle	ng, hindi
	PRON	Pronoun	ako, ikaw, siya, siya, sarili ko, sarili nila, mayroon
Other	PUNCT	Punctuation	., (, ), ?, ]
	SYM	Symbol	$, %, +, −, :), 🐻
	X	Other / Foreign	sfpksdpsxmsa, ..., foreign words
	SPACE	Space	newlines, tabs, extra spaces

XPOS (Detailed POS)

XPOS (Language-Specific Part-of-Speech) tagging offers a much higher level of granularity than the broader UPOS (Universal Part-of-Speech) system. While UPOS provides a standardized set of labels designed to work consistently across every language—ensuring that a NOUN in English is treated similarly to a NOUN in XPOS preserves the unique "linguistic DNA" of a specific language. It is the engine behind complex morphological analysis, allowing a system to distinguish not just that a word is a "Verb," but specifically that it is a "Third-Person, Singular, Past Tense, Passive Voice" verb. By capturing the deep grammatical details that UPOS omits for the sake of universality, XPOS enables the creation of translation tools and parsers that understand the precise inflectional logic of a specific culture and tongue.

The Tagalog XPOS system for the CalamanCy models follows a nomenclature where the primary category (UPOS) is often preserved, but extended with functional markers. In Tagalog, markers like ang, ng, and sa are vital for defining the role of nouns and verbs. The _PART suffix typically refers to particles (like linkers na/-ng or enclitic particles like ba, pa) when they are grammatically associated with a specific word class.

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Tagalog XPOS Tags in tl_calamancy_md
Group	Tag	Meaning / Description	Example
Nouns & Proper Names	NOUN	Common Noun	bata (child), bahay (house)
	NOUN_PART	Particle associated with a Noun phrase	ang, ng, mga
	PROPN	Proper Noun	Juan, Pilipinas, Manila
Verbs	VERB	Main Verb (with aspect/focus)	kumakain (eating), tatakbo
	VERB_PART	Particle associated with a Verb phrase	ay (inversion), na, pa
	AUX	Auxiliary Verb	dapat (must), maaari (can)
Modifiers	ADJ	Adjective	mabilis (fast), maganda
	ADJ_PART	Particle associated with an Adjective	mas, pinaka (degree markers)
	ADV	Adverb	kahapon (yesterday), dito
	ADV_PART	Particle associated with an Adverb	nga, din, rin (enclitics)
Pronouns	PRON	Pronoun (Personal, Dem, etc.)	ako (I), ikaw, ito, iyan
Pronouns	PRON_PART	Particle associated with a Pronoun	si (personal marker)
Functional Categories	ADP	Adposition (Prepositions)	sa, para sa, tungkol sa
	SCONJ	Subordinating Conjunction	dahil (because), kung (if)
	CCONJ	Coordinating Conjunction	at (and), o (or), ngunit
	DET	Determiner	yung, bawat (each)
	PART	General Particle	na (linker), ba (interrogative)
	NUM	Numeral	isa (one), dalawa, 2024
Others	INTJ	Interjection	hala!, aray!, naku!
	PUNCT	Punctuation	., ,, !, ?
	SYM	Symbol	$, %, @
	X	Other / Foreign / Unknown	computer, download

Dependency

The DEP (Syntactic Dependency) refers to the specific grammatical relationship between a "child" token and its "head" (parent) token. While primary labels (like nsubj or obj) describe the basic structure, attachments starting with a colon (:) provide fine-grained sub-type information. For instance, while nsubj identifies a subject, :pass refines this to show the subject is being acted upon (Passive Voice). Similarly, :nn (Noun Compound) or :assmod (Associative Modifier) help the parser distinguish between simple modifiers and complex ownership or compound relationships, allowing for a much deeper "logical" understanding of the sentence.

DEP Full Syntactic Dependency Labels
Category	Label	Meaning	Example (Token in bold)
Core Arguments	nsubj	Nominal subject	Kumakain si Elon.
	csubj	Clausal subject	Mali ang kanyang ginawa.
	obj	Direct object	Nakikita ko ang buwan.
	iobj	Indirect object	Binigyan niya ako ng regalo.
	ccomp	Clausal complement (finite)	Sinabi niyang napagod siya.
	xcomp	Open clausal complement	Gusto kong pumunta.
Non-Core Dependents	obl	Oblique nominal	Umupo siya sa upuan.
	vocative	Vocative	Juan, halika rito!
	expl	Expletive	May pusa doon.
	dislocated	Dislocated element	Kilala ko ang lalaking iyon.
	advcl	Adverbial clause modifier	Umalis ako pagkarating niya.
	advmod	Adverbial modifier	Tumakbo nang mabilis.
	discourse	Discourse element	Buweno, hindi ako sigurado.
	aux	Auxiliary	Kaya kong makakita.
	cop	Copula	Siya ay masaya.
	mark	Subordinating marker	Alam ko na alam mo.
Nominal Dependents	nmod	Nominal modifier	Pinto ng kotse.
	appos	Appositional modifier	Sam, na aking kaibigan.
	nummod	Numeric modifier	Pitong araw.
	acl	Adjectival clause	Ang planong manalo.
	amod	Adjectival modifier	Ang asul na langit.
	det	Determiner	Ang wakas.
	case	Case marking	Ang hari ng Pransya.
	fixed	Fixed multiword expression	Sa kabila ng iyon.
	flat	Flat multiword name	Lungsod ng New York.
	compound	Compound noun	Telepono booth.
	list	List element	Telepono, mga susi, pitaka.
Coordination	conj	Conjunct	Tinapay at mantikilya.
Coordination	cc	Coordinating conjunction	Tinapay at mantikilya.
Special Labels	aux:pass	Passive auxiliary	Ito ay ninakaw.
	punct	Punctuation	Kumusta!
	dep	Unspecified dependency	(Ginagamit para sa mga hindi kilalang link)
	ROOT	Root of the sentence	Kumain ako ng tanghalian.

Common Dependency Attachments (Sub-labels)
Attachment	Full Name	Explanation	Example
:pass	Passive	Indicates a relationship in a passive voice construction.	nsubj:pass (Nasira ang bintana)
:nn	Noun Compound	Indicates that a noun is modifying another noun in a compound structure.	compound:nn (Charger ng telepono)
:prep	Prepositional	Refines a modifier governed specifically by a preposition.	nmod:prep (Ang pusa sa banig)
:assmod	Associative Modifier	Common in Romanian/Baltic languages; shows nouns modifying other nouns.	nmod:assmod (Ang kotse ng aking ama)
:poss	Possessive	Indicates ownership or a possessive relationship.	nmod:poss (Ang aking aso, sumbrero ni Juan)
:relcl	Relative Clause	Identifies a clause that modifies a noun phrase.	acl:relcl (Ang aklat na aking binasa)
:tmod	Temporal Modifier	A modifier specifically describing time or duration.	nmod:tmod (Aalis ako sa Martes)
:prt	Particle	Used for phrasal verb particles.	compound:prt (Sumuko, patayin)
:rcomp	Relative Complement	Used for complements of relative clauses (common in Dutch).	advcl:rcomp (Ang lalaking umalis)
:flat	Flat Modifier	Used for multi-word expressions that don't have a clear internal head.	flat:name (Pangulong Obama)

Named Entity Recognition

NER (Named Entity Recognition) is a Natural Language Processing (NLP) task that automatically identifies and categorizes key information (entities) in a text into predefined classes. In spaCy, the statistical model "looks" at the context of a word to determine if it refers to a person, an organization, a monetary value, or a specific date. This is crucial for extracting structured data from unstructured text, such as finding all the company names mentioned in a news article or identifying the dates of events in a history book.

Comparison Note: GPE vs. LOC
Determining whether a place is a GPE or a LOC depends on its political nature:
GPE (Geopolitical Entity): If the location has a government, specific laws, or human-defined administrative borders, it is labeled as a GPE. Examples include Seoul, Germany, the United Kingdom, and California.
LOC (Location): If the place is a natural physical feature or a broad geographic region without a singular governing body, it is labeled as a LOC. Examples include the Alps, the Pacific Ocean, the Middle East, and Mount Everest.

NER Named Entity Recognition
Label	Meaning	Example
🌍 GPE	Geopolitical entity (countries, cities, states)	Pilipinas, Maynila, Pransya, California
🏔️ LOC	Non-political location (mountains, rivers)	Karagatang Pasipiko, Bundok Everest, Ang Alps
🏢 FAC	Facility (buildings, airports, highways)	Tulay ng Golden Gate, Paliparang Pandaigdig ng Ninoy Aquino, Burj Khalifa
👤 PERSON	People (real or fictional)	Elon Musk, Harry Potter, Alan Turing
🚩 NORP	Nationalities, religious or political groups	Amerikano, Budista, mga Demokratiko, Hapones
🏢 ORG	Organizations (companies, institutions)	Google, United Nations, Apple, FIFA
📅 DATE	Absolute or relative dates	Hulyo 4, 2026, kahapon, susunod na linggo
⌚ TIME	Times smaller than a day	9:30 ng umaga, paglubog ng araw, sampung minuto
🎊 EVENT	Named events (wars, festivals)	Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig, Coachella, Palarong Olimpiko
💰 MONEY	Monetary values, including unit	$100, 5 milyong Euro, £50
‱ PERCENT	Percentage, including "%"	20%, walumpung porsyento, 0.5%
⚖️ QUANTITY	Measurements (weight, distance)	5km, 50kg, 30 metro kuwadrado
🔢 ORDINAL	"First", "second", etc.	una, pangalawa, pangsiyam
🔢 CARDINAL	Numbers not classified elsewhere	10, isang libo, tatlo
📦 PRODUCT	Objects, vehicles, foods, etc. (not services)	iPhone, Tesla Model S, Coca-Cola
🎨 WORK_OF_ART	Titles of books, songs, etc.	Mona Lisa, Bohemian Rhapsody, Hamlet
📜 LAW	Named legal documents	Ang Saligang Batas, Kasunduan sa Versailles
🗣️ LANGUAGE	Named languages	Tagalog, Python, Mandarin

Universal POS, Detailed POS, NER, DEP

UPOS (Universal POS)

XPOS (Detailed POS)

Dependency

Named Entity Recognition

Halimbawa ng NLP (NLP Example)

Part-of-Speech for Main Languages