UPOS (Universal Part-of-Speech) tags are a core component of the Universal Dependencies (UD) project, designed to provide a standardized, fixed set of 17 categories that remain consistent across all human languages. Unlike language-specific systems (XPOS), which reflect the unique morphological intricacies of a single tongue, UPOS focuses on the functional role of a word. By stripping away language-specific "noise," UPOS allows researchers and developers to compare syntactic structures cross-linguistically and facilitates Cross-Lingual Transfer Learning—where an AI model trained on one language (like English) can apply its structural knowledge to another (like Romanian or Korean). It essentially serves as a "Lingua Franca" for computational linguistics, ensuring that a NOUN remains a NOUN whether the underlying grammar is agglutinative, fusional, or analytic.
Try our Swedish UPOS tagging now.
| Group | Tag | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Open Class | ADJ | Adjective | stor, gammal, grön, obegriplig, första |
| ADV | Adverb | mycket, imorgon, ner, var, där | |
| INTJ | Interjection | psst, aj, bravo, hej | |
| NOUN | Noun (common) | flicka, katt, träd, luft, skönhet | |
| PROPN | Proper Noun | Maria, Johan, London, NATO, HBO | |
| VERB | Verb | springa, springer, springande, äta, åt, ätit | |
| Closed Class | ADP | Adposition | i, till, under |
| AUX | Auxiliary | är, har (gjort), ska, borde | |
| CONJ | Conjunction | och, eller, men (legacy-tagg) | |
| CCONJ | Coordinating Conjunction | och, eller, men | |
| SCONJ | Subordinating Conjunction | om, medan, att | |
| DET | Determiner | en, ett, den, det | |
| NUM | Numeral | 1, 2017, en, sjuttiosju, MMXIV | |
| PART | Particle | s, inte | |
| PRON | Pronoun | jag, du, han, hon, mig själv, sig själva, någon | |
| Other | PUNCT | Punctuation | ., (, ), ?, ] |
| SYM | Symbol | $, %, +, −, :), 🐻 | |
| X | Other / Foreign | sfpksdpsxmsa, ..., foreign words | |
| SPACE | Space | newlines, tabs, extra spaces |
XPOS (Language-Specific Part-of-Speech) tagging offers a much higher level of granularity than the broader UPOS (Universal Part-of-Speech) system. While UPOS provides a standardized set of labels designed to work consistently across every language—ensuring that a NOUN in English is treated similarly to a NOUN in XPOS preserves the unique "linguistic DNA" of a specific language. It is the engine behind complex morphological analysis, allowing a system to distinguish not just that a word is a "Verb," but specifically that it is a "Third-Person, Singular, Past Tense, Passive Voice" verb. By capturing the deep grammatical details that UPOS omits for the sake of universality, XPOS enables the creation of translation tools and parsers that understand the precise inflectional logic of a specific culture and tongue.
Swedish XPOS tags following the SUC (Stockholm-Umeå Corpus) tagset, use a hierarchical pipe-separated structure. The primary tag (e.g., DT for Determiner or PP for Preposition) identifies the word's grammatical function, while the subsequent segments define its morphological properties. For example, DT|UTR|SIN|IND describes an indefinite, singular, common-gender determiner like "en." Proper nouns (PM) and punctuation (MAD, MID, PAD) are given their own top-level labels to ensure syntactic dependency parsing remains precise.
Try our Swedish XPOS tagging now.
| Category | Abbreviation | Swedish Term | English Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Core & Functional POS | NN | Substantiv | Common Noun | bil (car) |
| PM | Eget namn (Proprium) | Proper Noun | Sverige, Maria | |
| DT | Determinerare | Determiner | en, ett, denna | |
| PP | Preposition | Preposition | i, på, med | |
| PN | Pronomen | Pronoun | jag, den | |
| PS | Possessivt pronomen | Possessive Pronoun | min, hans | |
| VB | Verb | Verb | springa | |
| Numbers & Adverbs | RG | Grundtal | Cardinal Number | tre, 10 |
| RO | Ordningstal | Ordinal Number | tredje, 3:e | |
| AB | Adverb | Adverb | inte, ofta | |
| HA | Frågande adverb | Interrogative Adverb | när, var, hur | |
| Punctuation | MAD | Meningavslutande | Major Delimiter (End of sentence) | . ! ? |
| MID | Meninginternt | Minor Delimiter (Internal) | , ; : | |
| PAD | Parentetiskt | Pair Delimiter | " ( [ | |
| Morphology: Gender & Number | UTR | Utrum | Common Gender (en) | - |
| NEU | Neutrum | Neuter Gender (ett) | - | |
| MAS | Maskulinum | Masculine | - | |
| SIN | Singular | Singular | - | |
| PLU | Plural | Plural | - | |
| Morphology: Case & Form | IND | Obestämd | Indefinite | - |
| DEF | Bestämd | Definite | - | |
| NOM | Nominativ | Nominative | - | |
| GEN | Genitiv | Genitive | -s | |
| Verb & Adjective Specifics | PRS | Presens | Present Tense | läser |
| PRT | Preteritum | Past Tense | läste | |
| SUP | Supinum | Supine (with 'have') | läst | |
| INF | Infinitiv | Infinitive | läsa | |
| AKT | Aktiv | Active Voice | - | |
| SFO | S-form | Passive / S-form | läsas, läses | |
| POS | Positiv | Positive Degree | fin |
The DEP (Syntactic Dependency) refers to the specific grammatical relationship between a "child" token and its "head" (parent) token. While primary labels (like nsubj or obj) describe the basic structure, attachments starting with a colon (:) provide fine-grained sub-type information. For instance, while nsubj identifies a subject, :pass refines this to show the subject is being acted upon (Passive Voice). Similarly, :nn (Noun Compound) or :assmod (Associative Modifier) help the parser distinguish between simple modifiers and complex ownership or compound relationships, allowing for a much deeper "logical" understanding of the sentence.
| Category | Label | Meaning | Example (Token in bold) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Core Arguments | nsubj | Nominal subject | Elon äter. |
| csubj | Clausal subject | Vad han gjorde var fel. | |
| obj | Direct object | Jag ser månen. | |
| iobj | Indirect object | Hon gav mig en present. | |
| ccomp | Clausal complement (finite) | Han sa att han var trött. | |
| xcomp | Open clausal complement | Jag vill gå. | |
| Non-Core Dependents | obl | Oblique nominal | Han satt på stolen. |
| vocative | Vocative | Johan, kom hit! | |
| expl | Expletive | Det finns en katt. | |
| dislocated | Dislocated element | Den mannen känner jag. | |
| advcl | Adverbial clause modifier | Jag gick efter att han anlände. | |
| advmod | Adverbial modifier | Spring fort. | |
| discourse | Discourse element | Tja, jag är inte säker. | |
| aux | Auxiliary | Jag kan se. | |
| cop | Copula | Hon är glad. | |
| mark | Subordinating marker | Jag vet att du vet. | |
| Nominal Dependents | nmod | Nominal modifier | Bilens dörr. |
| appos | Appositional modifier | Sam, min vän. | |
| nummod | Numeric modifier | Sju dagar. | |
| acl | Adjectival clause | Planen att vinna. | |
| amod | Adjectival modifier | Den blå himlen. | |
| det | Determiner | Slutet. | |
| case | Case marking | Kungen av Frankrike. | |
| fixed | Fixed multiword expression | Trots det. | |
| flat | Flat multiword name | Staden New York. | |
| compound | Compound noun | Telefonkiosk. | |
| list | List element | Telefon, nycklar, plånbok. | |
| Coordination | conj | Conjunct | Bröd och smör. |
| cc | Coordinating conjunction | Bröd och smör. | |
| Special Labels | aux:pass | Passive auxiliary | Den blev stulen. |
| punct | Punctuation | Hej! | |
| dep | Unspecified dependency | (Används för okända länkar) | |
| ROOT | Root of the sentence | Jag åt lunch. |
| Attachment | Full Name | Explanation | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| :pass | Passive | Indicates a relationship in a passive voice construction. | nsubj:pass (Fönstret krossades) |
| :nn | Noun Compound | Indicates that a noun is modifying another noun in a compound structure. | compound:nn (Mobilladdare) |
| :prep | Prepositional | Refines a modifier governed specifically by a preposition. | nmod:prep (Katten på mattan) |
| :assmod | Associative Modifier | Common in Romanian/Baltic languages; shows nouns modifying other nouns. | nmod:assmod (Min fars bil) |
| :poss | Possessive | Indicates ownership or a possessive relationship. | nmod:poss (Min hund, Johans hatt) |
| :relcl | Relative Clause | Identifies a clause that modifies a noun phrase. | acl:relcl (Boken som jag läste) |
| :tmod | Temporal Modifier | A modifier specifically describing time or duration. | nmod:tmod (Jag åker på tisdag) |
| :prt | Particle | Used for phrasal verb particles. | compound:prt (Ge upp, stänga av) |
| :rcomp | Relative Complement | Used for complements of relative clauses (common in Dutch). | advcl:rcomp (Mannen som gav sig av) |
| :flat | Flat Modifier | Used for multi-word expressions that don't have a clear internal head. | flat:name (President Obama) |
NER (Named Entity Recognition) is a Natural Language Processing (NLP) task that automatically identifies and categorizes key information (entities) in a text into predefined classes. In spaCy, the statistical model "looks" at the context of a word to determine if it refers to a person, an organization, a monetary value, or a specific date. This is crucial for extracting structured data from unstructured text, such as finding all the company names mentioned in a news article or identifying the dates of events in a history book.
Comparison Note: GPE vs. LOC
Determining whether a place is a GPE or a LOC depends on its political nature:
GPE (Geopolitical Entity): If the location has a government, specific laws, or human-defined administrative borders, it is labeled as a GPE. Examples include Seoul, Germany, the United Kingdom, and California.
LOC (Location): If the place is a natural physical feature or a broad geographic region without a singular governing body, it is labeled as a LOC. Examples include the Alps, the Pacific Ocean, the Middle East, and Mount Everest.
| Label | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| 🌍 GPE | Geopolitical entity (countries, cities, states) | Sverige, Stockholm, Frankrike, Kalifornien |
| 🏔️ LOC | Non-political location (mountains, rivers) | Stilla havet, Mount Everest, Alperna |
| 🏢 FAC | Facility (buildings, airports, highways) | Golden Gate-bron, Arlanda flygplats, Burj Khalifa |
| 👤 PERSON | People (real or fictional) | Elon Musk, Harry Potter, Alan Turing |
| 🚩 NORP | Nationalities, religious or political groups | Amerikan, buddhist, demokrater, japan |
| 🏢 ORG | Organizations (companies, institutions) | Google, Förenta Nationerna, Apple, FIFA |
| 📅 DATE | Absolute or relative dates | 4 juli, 2026, igår, nästa vecka |
| ⌚ TIME | Times smaller than a day | 09:30, solnedgång, tio minuter |
| 🎊 EVENT | Named events (wars, festivals) | Andra världskriget, Coachella, Olympiska spelen |
| 💰 MONEY | Monetary values, including unit | $100, 5 miljoner euro, £50 |
| ‱ PERCENT | Percentage, including "%" | 20 %, åttio procent, 0,5 % |
| ⚖️ QUANTITY | Measurements (weight, distance) | 5 km, 50 kg, 30 kvadratmeter |
| 🔢 ORDINAL | "First", "second", etc. | första, andra, nionde |
| 🔢 CARDINAL | Numbers not classified elsewhere | 10, tusen, tre |
| 📦 PRODUCT | Objects, vehicles, foods, etc. (not services) | iPhone, Tesla Model S, Coca-Cola |
| 🎨 WORK_OF_ART | Titles of books, songs, etc. | Mona Lisa, Bohemian Rhapsody, Hamlet |
| 📜 LAW | Named legal documents | Konstitutionen, Versaillesfreden |
| 🗣️ LANGUAGE | Named languages | Svenska, Python, kinesiska (mandarin) |
Om vi bearbetar frasen "Google är baserat i Kalifornien" (Google is based in California) ser analysnivåerna ut så här:
Lemma: "Google", "vara", "basera", "i", "Kalifornien"
UPOS: "PROPN(Eget namn)", "AUX(Hjälpverb)", "VERB(Huvudverb)", "ADP(Preposition)", "PROPN(Eget namn)"
XPOS (SUC): "PM|NOM", "VB|PRS|AKT", "PC|PRF|UTR|SIN|IND|NOM", "PP", "PM|NOM"
DEP: "Google" är det nominala subjektet (nsubj:pass) för passivformen av verbet "baserat" som utgör meningens rot (Root). "är" är hjälpverbet (aux:pass). "Kalifornien" är en adverbial bestämning (obl) kopplad med prepositionen "i".
NER: "Google" är en 🏢 ORG (Organisation), "Kalifornien" är en 🌍 GPE (Geopolitisk enhet).
Arabic -
Catalan -
Chinese -
Classical Chinese -
Croatian -
Danish -
Dutch -
English -
Filipino -
Finnish -
French -
German -
Greek -
Hebrew -
Hindi -
Italian -
Indonesian -
Japanese -
Korean -
Latin -
Lithuanian -
Macedonian -
Norwegian -
Polish -
Portuguese -
Romanian -
Russian -
Slovenian -
Sanskrit -
Spanish -
Swedish -
Tamil -
Thai -
Ukrainian -
Vietnamese
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