UPOS (Universal Part-of-Speech) tags are a core component of the Universal Dependencies (UD) project, designed to provide a standardized, fixed set of 17 categories that remain consistent across all human languages. Unlike language-specific systems (XPOS), which reflect the unique morphological intricacies of a single tongue, UPOS focuses on the functional role of a word. By stripping away language-specific "noise," UPOS allows researchers and developers to compare syntactic structures cross-linguistically and facilitates Cross-Lingual Transfer Learning—where an AI model trained on one language (like English) can apply its structural knowledge to another (like Romanian or Korean). It essentially serves as a "Lingua Franca" for computational linguistics, ensuring that a NOUN remains a NOUN whether the underlying grammar is agglutinative, fusional, or analytic.
Try our Sanskrit UPOS tagging now.
| Group | Tag | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Open Class | ADJ | Adjective | बृहत्, वृद्धं, हरितं, अबोधं, प्रथमं |
| ADV | Adverb | अति, श्वः, अधः, यत्र, तत्र | |
| INTJ | Interjection | प्सस्त, आऊच, ब्रावो, नमस्कार | |
| NOUN | Noun (common) | कन्या, बिडाल, वृक्ष, वायु, सौन्दर्य | |
| PROPN | Proper Noun | मैरी, जॉन्, लण्डन्, नाटो, एचबीओ | |
| VERB | Verb | धावति, धावति, धावति, खादति, खादति, खादति | |
| Closed Class | ADP | Adposition | in, to, during | इति
| AUX | Auxiliary | इति, कृतवान् (कृतः), करिष्यति (करिष्यति), कर्तव्यः (करोतु) | |
| CONJ | Conjunction | तथा, अथवा, परन्तु (legacy tag) | |
| CCONJ | Coordinating Conjunction | च, अथवा, किन्तु | |
| SCONJ | Subordinating Conjunction | यदि, यदा, तत् | |
| DET | Determiner | a, an, the | इति|
| NUM | Numeral | १, २०१७, एक, सप्तसप्तति, MMXIV | |
| PART | Particle | 's, न | इति|
| PRON | Pronoun | अहं, त्वं, स, सा, स्वयं, कश्चित् | |
| Other | PUNCT | Punctuation | ., (, ), ?, ] |
| SYM | Symbol | $, %, +, −, :), 🐻 | |
| X | Other / Foreign | sfpksdpsxmsa, ..., foreign words | |
| SPACE | Space | newlines, tabs, extra spaces |
XPOS (Language-Specific Part-of-Speech) tagging offers a much higher level of granularity than the broader UPOS (Universal Part-of-Speech) system. While UPOS provides a standardized set of labels designed to work consistently across every language—ensuring that a NOUN in English is treated similarly to a NOUN in XPOS preserves the unique "linguistic DNA" of a specific language. It is the engine behind complex morphological analysis, allowing a system to distinguish not just that a word is a "Verb," but specifically that it is a "Third-Person, Singular, Past Tense, Passive Voice" verb. By capturing the deep grammatical details that UPOS omits for the sake of universality, XPOS enables the creation of translation tools and parsers that understand the precise inflectional logic of a specific culture and tongue.
In French, Spanish, Portuguese, Danish, Norwegian, Russian, Hebrew, Catalan, Finnish, Sanskrit, Thai and Ukrainian, a separate fine-grained XPOS tagset is not defined. Instead, these languages utilize UPOS with specific granularities stored within Morphological Features.
Try our Sanskrit XPOS tagging now.
| Group | Category | Label | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominal | Gender & Animacy | Masc | Masculine | perro (dog) |
| Fem | Feminine | perra (female dog) | ||
| Neut | Neuter | ello (it/that) | ||
| Com | Common | estudiante | ||
| Hum | Human | persona, qui | ||
| Anim | Animate | (Living entity) | ||
| Inan | Inanimate | (Object) | ||
| Definite & Degree | Def | Definite | le, la, el | |
| Ind | Indefinite | un, une | ||
| Pos | Positive degree | bueno, bon | ||
| Cmp | Comparative | más, plus | ||
| Sup | Superlative | buenísimo | ||
| Nominal | Number | Sing | Singular | livre (book) |
| Plur | Plural | livres (books) | ||
| Nominal | Case | Nom | Nominative | yo, I |
| Acc | Accusative | me, lo | ||
| Dat | Dative | le, me | ||
| Gen | Genitive | (Possessive case) | ||
| Nominal | NounType & NameType | Class | Classifier (NounType) | ตัว (body/animal) |
| Giv | Given Name (NameType) | สมชาย (Somchai) | ||
| Sur | Surname (NameType) | ใจดี (Jaidee) | ||
| Geo | Geographical (NameType) | กรุงเทพฯ (Bangkok) | ||
| Nat | Nationality (NameType) | ไทย (Thai) | ||
| Com | Company (NameType) | กูเกิล (Google) | ||
| Verbal | Mood & Aspect | Ind | Indicative | yo hablo |
| Sub | Subjunctive | que yo hable | ||
| Imp | Imperative | ¡habla! | ||
| Cnd | Conditional | hablaría | ||
| Imp | Imperfective | hablaba | ||
| Perf | Perfective | hablé | ||
| Prog | Progressive | estoy hablando | ||
| Verbal | Person & Politeness | 1 | First Person | yo, nosotros |
| 2 | Second Person | tú, vosotros | ||
| 3 | Third Person | él, ella | ||
| Form | Polite/Formal | Usted, Vous | ||
| Infm | Informal | tú, toi | ||
| Verbal | Tense | Pres | Present | mange, eat |
| Past | Past | mangé, ate | ||
| Fut | Future | mangerai | ||
| Verbal | VerbForm & Voice | Fin | Finite | il court |
| Inf | Infinitive | courir, to run | ||
| Part | Participle | vu, visto | ||
| Ger | Gerund | corriendo | ||
| Act | Active Voice | veo (I see) | ||
| Pass | Passive Voice | soy visto | ||
| Lexical | NumType | Card | Cardinal | uno, deux |
| Ord | Ordinal | primero, 1er | ||
| Mult | Multiplicative | doble, triple | ||
| PronType | Prs | Personal | yo, je | |
| Dem | Demonstrative | este, celui | ||
| Rel | Relative | que, qui | ||
| Int | Interrogative | ¿quién?, qui? | ||
| Lexical | Polarity & Poss | Neg | Negative | no, pas |
| Yes | Possessive | mio, sien | ||
| Yes | Reflexive | se, me, te | ||
| Lexical | PartType (Particles) | Enp | Ending Particle | ครับ (krab), ค่ะ (kha) |
| Res | Response Particle | ใช่ (chai / yes) | ||
| Int | Interrogative Particle | ไหม (mai / ?) | ||
| Special | Other | Yes | Foreign Word | software, ad-hoc |
| Yes | Abbreviation | etc., adj. | ||
| Special | Word Formation | Yes (Prefix) | Nominalizing Prefix | การ- (kan-), ความ- (khwam-) |
| Rdp (Echo) | Reduplicative | เด็กๆ (dek-dek) |
The DEP (Syntactic Dependency) refers to the specific grammatical relationship between a "child" token and its "head" (parent) token. While primary labels (like nsubj or obj) describe the basic structure, attachments starting with a colon (:) provide fine-grained sub-type information. For instance, while nsubj identifies a subject, :pass refines this to show the subject is being acted upon (Passive Voice). Similarly, :nn (Noun Compound) or :assmod (Associative Modifier) help the parser distinguish between simple modifiers and complex ownership or compound relationships, allowing for a much deeper "logical" understanding of the sentence.
| Category | Label | Meaning | Example (Token in bold) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Core Arguments | nsubj | Nominal subject | एलोन खादति। |
| csubj | Clausal subject | यत् कृतवान् तत् दुष्कृतम् आसीत् । | |
| obj | Direct object | अहं चन्द्रंं पश्यामि। | |
| iobj | Indirect object | सा मम दानं दत्तवती। | |
| ccomp | Clausal complement (finite) | उवाच श्रान्तः। | |
| xcomp | Open clausal complement | अहं गन्तुम् इच्छामि। | |
| Non-Core Dependents | obl | Oblique nominal | सः कुर्सियाम् उपविष्टवान्। |
| vocative | Vocative | जोन, अत्र आगच्छतु! | |
| expl | Expletive | तत्र बिडालः । | |
| dislocated | Dislocated element | सः पुरुषः, अहं तं जानामि। | |
| advcl | Adverbial clause modifier | अहं तस्य आगत्य। | |
| advmod | Adverbial modifier | धावन वेग। | |
| discourse | Discourse element | अच्छा, अहं न निश्चितः। | |
| aux | Auxiliary | अहं पश्यामि । | |
| cop | Copula | सा सुखिताति। | |
| mark | Subordinating marker | अहं जानामि त त्वं जानासि। | |
| Nominal Dependents | nmod | Nominal modifier | कारस्य द्वारम् । |
| appos | Appositional modifier | सैम, मम मित्र। | |
| nummod | Numeric modifier | सप्तदिनानि। | |
| acl | Adjectival clause | योजना विजयाय। | |
| amod | Adjectival modifier | नभः नील । | |
| det | Determiner | अन्तः इति । | |
| case | Case marking | फ्रांस्देशस्य राजा । | |
| fixed | Fixed multiword expression | तत् अपि । | |
| flat | Flat multiword name | न्यूयॉर्कनगरम्। | |
| compound | Compound noun | फोन बूथः। | |
| list | List element | फोन, कील, बटुक। | |
| Coordination | conj | Conjunct | रोटिका तथा घृत। |
| cc | Coordinating conjunction | रोटिका च घृतम्। | |
| Special Labels | aux:pass | Passive auxiliary | हृतं अभवत् । |
| punct | Punctuation | नमस्ते! | |
| dep | Unspecified dependency | (अज्ञातलिङ्कानां कृते उपयुज्यते) | |
| ROOT | Root of the sentence | अहम् मध्याह्नभोजनं खादितवान्। |
| Attachment | Full Name | Explanation | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| :pass | Passive | Indicates a relationship in a passive voice construction. | nsubj:pass (विण्डो भग्नम् आसीत्) |
| :nn | Noun Compound | Indicates that a noun is modifying another noun in a compound structure. | यौगिक:nn (फोन चार्जर) |
| :prep | Prepositional | Refines a modifier governed specifically by a preposition. | nmod:prep (चटके उ बिडालः) |
| :assmod | Associative Modifier | Common in Romanian/Baltic languages; shows nouns modifying other nouns. | nmod:assmod (पितुःकारः) |
| :poss | Possessive | Indicates ownership or a possessive relationship. | nmod:poss (मम श्वः, जॉनस्य टोपी) |
| :relcl | Relative Clause | Identifies a clause that modifies a noun phrase. | acl:relcl (पुस्तकं यत् अहं पठामि) |
| :tmod | Temporal Modifier | A modifier specifically describing time or duration. | nmod:tmod (अहं मङ्गलवासरः गच्छामि) |
| :prt | Particle | Used for phrasal verb particles. | समास:prt (तअप, निरुद्धं ) |
| :rcomp | Relative Complement | Used for complements of relative clauses (common in Dutch). | advcl:rcomp (यः पुरुषः यतः) |
| :flat | Flat Modifier | Used for multi-word expressions that don't have a clear internal head. | सपाट:नाम (राष्ट्रपति ओबामा) |
NER (Named Entity Recognition) is a Natural Language Processing (NLP) task that automatically identifies and categorizes key information (entities) in a text into predefined classes. In spaCy, the statistical model "looks" at the context of a word to determine if it refers to a person, an organization, a monetary value, or a specific date. This is crucial for extracting structured data from unstructured text, such as finding all the company names mentioned in a news article or identifying the dates of events in a history book.
Comparison Note: GPE vs. LOC
Determining whether a place is a GPE or a LOC depends on its political nature:
GPE (Geopolitical Entity): If the location has a government, specific laws, or human-defined administrative borders, it is labeled as a GPE. Examples include Seoul, Germany, the United Kingdom, and California.
LOC (Location): If the place is a natural physical feature or a broad geographic region without a singular governing body, it is labeled as a LOC. Examples include the Alps, the Pacific Ocean, the Middle East, and Mount Everest.
| Label | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| 🌍 GPE | Geopolitical entity (countries, cities, states) | अमेरिका, न्यूयॉर्क, फ्रान्स, कैलिफोर्निया |
| 🏔️ LOC | Non-political location (mountains, rivers) | प्रशांतमहासागरः, एवरेस्टपर्वतः, आल्प्सः |
| 🏢 FAC | Facility (buildings, airports, highways) | गोल्डन गेट सेतु, जेएफके विमानस्थानक, बुर्ज खलीफा |
| 👤 PERSON | People (real or fictional) | एलोन मस्क, हैरी पोटर, एलन टुरिंग् |
| 🚩 NORP | Nationalities, religious or political groups | अमेरिकन, बौद्ध, डेमोक्रेट, जापानी |
| 🏢 ORG | Organizations (companies, institutions) | गूगल, संयुक्तराष्ट्रसङ्घः, एप्पल्, फीफा |
| 📅 DATE | Absolute or relative dates | जुलाई ४, २०२६, कालः, आगामिसप्ताहे |
| ⌚ TIME | Times smaller than a day | 9:30 AM, सूर्यास्तं, दशनिमेषाः |
| 🎊 EVENT | Named events (wars, festivals) | द्वितीयविश्वयुद्धम्, कोचेला, ओलम्पिकक्रीडा |
| 💰 MONEY | Monetary values, including unit | $१००, ५ मिलियन यूरो, £५० |
| ‱ PERCENT | Percentage, including "%" | २०%, अशीतिः प्रतिशतं, ०.५% |
| ⚖️ QUANTITY | Measurements (weight, distance) | ५कि.मी., १०० पाउण्ड्, ३० वर्गमीटर् |
| 🔢 ORDINAL | "First", "second", etc. | प्रथम, द्वितीय, नवम |
| 🔢 CARDINAL | Numbers not classified elsewhere | १०, एकसहस्रं, त्रीणि |
| 📦 PRODUCT | Objects, vehicles, foods, etc. (not services) | आइफोन, टेस्ला मॉडल एस, कोका-कोला |
| 🎨 WORK_OF_ART | Titles of books, songs, etc. | मोनालिसा, बोहेमियन रैप्सोडी, हैम्लेट् |
| 📜 LAW | Named legal documents | संविधानं, वर्सायस्य सन्धिः |
| 🗣️ LANGUAGE | Named languages | अङ्ग्रेजी, पायथन, मण्डारिन |
यदि वयं "Google is based in California" इति वाक्यं संसाधयामः तर्हि स्तराः एतादृशाः दृश्यन्ते ।
लेम्मा: "Google", "be", "base", "in", "California"
UPOS: "PROPN(Proper Noun)", "AUX(Auxiliary)", "VERB(Verb)", "ADP(Adposition)", "PROPN(Proper Noun)"
XPOS: "NNP(Proper noun, singular)", "VBZ(Verb, 3rd person singular present)", "VBN(Verb, past participle)", "IN(Preposition or subordinating conjunction)", "NNP(Proper noun, singular)"
DEP: "गूगल" इति nsubj (नामात्मकविषयः) "आधारितः" यः मूल (वाक्यस्य मूलम्) अस्ति ।
NER: "गूगल" इति 🏢 ORG (सङ्गठनम्), "कैलिफोर्निया" इति 🌍 GPE (भूराजनीतिकसत्ता) ।
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