UPOS (Universal Part-of-Speech) tags are a core component of the Universal Dependencies (UD) project, designed to provide a standardized, fixed set of 17 categories that remain consistent across all human languages. Unlike language-specific systems (XPOS), which reflect the unique morphological intricacies of a single tongue, UPOS focuses on the functional role of a word. By stripping away language-specific "noise," UPOS allows researchers and developers to compare syntactic structures cross-linguistically and facilitates Cross-Lingual Transfer Learning—where an AI model trained on one language (like English) can apply its structural knowledge to another (like Romanian or Korean). It essentially serves as a "Lingua Franca" for computational linguistics, ensuring that a NOUN remains a NOUN whether the underlying grammar is agglutinative, fusional, or analytic.
Try our Macedonian UPOS tagging now.
| Group | Tag | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Open Class | ADJ | Adjective | голем, стар, зелен, неразбирлив, прв |
| ADV | Adverb | многу, утре, долу, каде, таму | |
| INTJ | Interjection | psst, ох, браво, здраво | |
| NOUN | Noun (common) | девојка, мачка, дрво, воздух, убавина | |
| PROPN | Proper Noun | Мери, Џон, Лондон, НАТО, HBO | |
| VERB | Verb | трчај, трча, трча, јади, јадеше, јадеше | |
| Closed Class | ADP | Adposition | во, до, за време |
| AUX | Auxiliary | е, има (направено), ќе (направи), треба (да направи) | |
| CONJ | Conjunction | и, или, но (наследна ознака) | |
| CCONJ | Coordinating Conjunction | и, или, но | |
| SCONJ | Subordinating Conjunction | ако, додека, тоа | |
| DET | Determiner | а, ан, на | |
| NUM | Numeral | 1, 2017 година, еден, седумдесет и седум, MMXIV | |
| PART | Particle | 's, не | |
| PRON | Pronoun | Јас, ти, тој, таа, јас, самите себе, некој | |
| Other | PUNCT | Punctuation | ., (, ), ?, ] |
| SYM | Symbol | $, %, +, −, :), 🐻 | |
| X | Other / Foreign | sfpksdpsxmsa, ..., foreign words | |
| SPACE | Space | newlines, tabs, extra spaces |
XPOS (Language-Specific Part-of-Speech) tagging offers a much higher level of granularity than the broader UPOS (Universal Part-of-Speech) system. While UPOS provides a standardized set of labels designed to work consistently across every language—ensuring that a NOUN in English is treated similarly to a NOUN in XPOS preserves the unique "linguistic DNA" of a specific language. It is the engine behind complex morphological analysis, allowing a system to distinguish not just that a word is a "Verb," but specifically that it is a "Third-Person, Singular, Past Tense, Passive Voice" verb. By capturing the deep grammatical details that UPOS omits for the sake of universality, XPOS enables the creation of translation tools and parsers that understand the precise inflectional logic of a specific culture and tongue.
In French, Spanish, Portuguese, Danish, Norwegian, Russian, Hebrew, Catalan, Finnish, Sanskrit, Thai and Ukrainian, a separate fine-grained XPOS tagset is not defined. Instead, these languages utilize UPOS with specific granularities stored within Morphological Features.
Try our Macedonian XPOS tagging now.
| Group | Category | Label | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominal | Gender & Animacy | Masc | Masculine | perro (dog) |
| Fem | Feminine | perra (female dog) | ||
| Neut | Neuter | ello (it/that) | ||
| Com | Common | estudiante | ||
| Hum | Human | persona, qui | ||
| Anim | Animate | (Living entity) | ||
| Inan | Inanimate | (Object) | ||
| Definite & Degree | Def | Definite | le, la, el | |
| Ind | Indefinite | un, une | ||
| Pos | Positive degree | bueno, bon | ||
| Cmp | Comparative | más, plus | ||
| Sup | Superlative | buenísimo | ||
| Nominal | Number | Sing | Singular | livre (book) |
| Plur | Plural | livres (books) | ||
| Nominal | Case | Nom | Nominative | yo, I |
| Acc | Accusative | me, lo | ||
| Dat | Dative | le, me | ||
| Gen | Genitive | (Possessive case) | ||
| Nominal | NounType & NameType | Class | Classifier (NounType) | ตัว (body/animal) |
| Giv | Given Name (NameType) | สมชาย (Somchai) | ||
| Sur | Surname (NameType) | ใจดี (Jaidee) | ||
| Geo | Geographical (NameType) | กรุงเทพฯ (Bangkok) | ||
| Nat | Nationality (NameType) | ไทย (Thai) | ||
| Com | Company (NameType) | กูเกิล (Google) | ||
| Verbal | Mood & Aspect | Ind | Indicative | yo hablo |
| Sub | Subjunctive | que yo hable | ||
| Imp | Imperative | ¡habla! | ||
| Cnd | Conditional | hablaría | ||
| Imp | Imperfective | hablaba | ||
| Perf | Perfective | hablé | ||
| Prog | Progressive | estoy hablando | ||
| Verbal | Person & Politeness | 1 | First Person | yo, nosotros |
| 2 | Second Person | tú, vosotros | ||
| 3 | Third Person | él, ella | ||
| Form | Polite/Formal | Usted, Vous | ||
| Infm | Informal | tú, toi | ||
| Verbal | Tense | Pres | Present | mange, eat |
| Past | Past | mangé, ate | ||
| Fut | Future | mangerai | ||
| Verbal | VerbForm & Voice | Fin | Finite | il court |
| Inf | Infinitive | courir, to run | ||
| Part | Participle | vu, visto | ||
| Ger | Gerund | corriendo | ||
| Act | Active Voice | veo (I see) | ||
| Pass | Passive Voice | soy visto | ||
| Lexical | NumType | Card | Cardinal | uno, deux |
| Ord | Ordinal | primero, 1er | ||
| Mult | Multiplicative | doble, triple | ||
| PronType | Prs | Personal | yo, je | |
| Dem | Demonstrative | este, celui | ||
| Rel | Relative | que, qui | ||
| Int | Interrogative | ¿quién?, qui? | ||
| Lexical | Polarity & Poss | Neg | Negative | no, pas |
| Yes | Possessive | mio, sien | ||
| Yes | Reflexive | se, me, te | ||
| Lexical | PartType (Particles) | Enp | Ending Particle | ครับ (krab), ค่ะ (kha) |
| Res | Response Particle | ใช่ (chai / yes) | ||
| Int | Interrogative Particle | ไหม (mai / ?) | ||
| Special | Other | Yes | Foreign Word | software, ad-hoc |
| Yes | Abbreviation | etc., adj. | ||
| Special | Word Formation | Yes (Prefix) | Nominalizing Prefix | การ- (kan-), ความ- (khwam-) |
| Rdp (Echo) | Reduplicative | เด็กๆ (dek-dek) |
The DEP (Syntactic Dependency) refers to the specific grammatical relationship between a "child" token and its "head" (parent) token. While primary labels (like nsubj or obj) describe the basic structure, attachments starting with a colon (:) provide fine-grained sub-type information. For instance, while nsubj identifies a subject, :pass refines this to show the subject is being acted upon (Passive Voice). Similarly, :nn (Noun Compound) or :assmod (Associative Modifier) help the parser distinguish between simple modifiers and complex ownership or compound relationships, allowing for a much deeper "logical" understanding of the sentence.
| Category | Label | Meaning | Example (Token in bold) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Core Arguments | nsubj | Nominal subject | Илон јаде. |
| csubj | Clausal subject | Она што го направи беше погрешно. | |
| obj | Direct object | Ја гледам месечината. | |
| iobj | Indirect object | Таа ми даде ми подарок. | |
| ccomp | Clausal complement (finite) | Тој рече дека е уморен. | |
| xcomp | Open clausal complement | Сакам да одам. | |
| Non-Core Dependents | obl | Oblique nominal | Седна на столот. |
| vocative | Vocative | Џон, дојди овде! | |
| expl | Expletive | Има мачка. | |
| dislocated | Dislocated element | Тој човек, го познавам. | |
| advcl | Adverbial clause modifier | Заминав откако тој пристигна. | |
| advmod | Adverbial modifier | Стартувај брзо. | |
| discourse | Discourse element | Па, не сум сигурен. | |
| aux | Auxiliary | Јас можам да видам. | |
| cop | Copula | Таа е среќна. | |
| mark | Subordinating marker | Знам дека дека знаеш. | |
| Nominal Dependents | nmod | Nominal modifier | Вратата на автомобилот. |
| appos | Appositional modifier | Сем, мојот пријател. | |
| nummod | Numeric modifier | Седум дена. | |
| acl | Adjectival clause | Планот да победи. | |
| amod | Adjectival modifier | синото небо. | |
| det | Determiner | Крајот. | |
| case | Case marking | Кралот на Франција. | |
| fixed | Fixed multiword expression | И покрај тоа. | |
| flat | Flat multiword name | Њу Јорк Сити. | |
| compound | Compound noun | Телефон говорница. | |
| list | List element | Телефон, клучеви, паричник. | |
| Coordination | conj | Conjunct | Леб и путер. |
| cc | Coordinating conjunction | Леб и путер. | |
| Special Labels | aux:pass | Passive auxiliary | Тоа беше украдено. |
| punct | Punctuation | Здраво! | |
| dep | Unspecified dependency | (Се користи за непознати врски) | |
| ROOT | Root of the sentence | Јас јадев ручек. |
| Attachment | Full Name | Explanation | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| :pass | Passive | Indicates a relationship in a passive voice construction. | nsubj:pass (прозорецот беше скршен) |
| :nn | Noun Compound | Indicates that a noun is modifying another noun in a compound structure. | соединение:nn (Полнач за телефон) |
| :prep | Prepositional | Refines a modifier governed specifically by a preposition. | nmod:prep (Мачката на подлогата) |
| :assmod | Associative Modifier | Common in Romanian/Baltic languages; shows nouns modifying other nouns. | nmod:assmod (Автомобилот на татко ми) |
| :poss | Possessive | Indicates ownership or a possessive relationship. | nmod:poss (Моето куче, John's капа) |
| :relcl | Relative Clause | Identifies a clause that modifies a noun phrase. | acl:relcl (Книгата што ја прочитав) |
| :tmod | Temporal Modifier | A modifier specifically describing time or duration. | nmod:tmod (заминувам вторник) |
| :prt | Particle | Used for phrasal verb particles. | соединение:prt (Тука на, исклучи надолу) |
| :rcomp | Relative Complement | Used for complements of relative clauses (common in Dutch). | advcl:rcomp (Човекот кој замина) |
| :flat | Flat Modifier | Used for multi-word expressions that don't have a clear internal head. | рамно:име (претседател Обама) |
NER (Named Entity Recognition) is a Natural Language Processing (NLP) task that automatically identifies and categorizes key information (entities) in a text into predefined classes. In spaCy, the statistical model "looks" at the context of a word to determine if it refers to a person, an organization, a monetary value, or a specific date. This is crucial for extracting structured data from unstructured text, such as finding all the company names mentioned in a news article or identifying the dates of events in a history book.
Comparison Note: GPE vs. LOC
Determining whether a place is a GPE or a LOC depends on its political nature:
GPE (Geopolitical Entity): If the location has a government, specific laws, or human-defined administrative borders, it is labeled as a GPE. Examples include Seoul, Germany, the United Kingdom, and California.
LOC (Location): If the place is a natural physical feature or a broad geographic region without a singular governing body, it is labeled as a LOC. Examples include the Alps, the Pacific Ocean, the Middle East, and Mount Everest.
| Label | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| 🌍 GPE | Geopolitical entity (countries, cities, states) | САД, Њујорк, Франција, Калифорнија |
| 🏔️ LOC | Non-political location (mountains, rivers) | Тихиот Океан, Монт Еверест, Алпите |
| 🏢 FAC | Facility (buildings, airports, highways) | Мост Голден Гејт, аеродром ЏФК, Бурџ Калифа |
| 👤 PERSON | People (real or fictional) | Илон Маск, Хари Потер, Алан Тјуринг |
| 🚩 NORP | Nationalities, religious or political groups | Американец, будист, демократ, јапонец |
| 🏢 ORG | Organizations (companies, institutions) | Гугл, Обединетите нации, Епл, ФИФА |
| 📅 DATE | Absolute or relative dates | 4 јули 2026 година, вчера, следната недела |
| ⌚ TIME | Times smaller than a day | 9:30 часот, зајдисонце, десет минути |
| 🎊 EVENT | Named events (wars, festivals) | Втора светска војна, Коачела, Олимписки игри |
| 💰 MONEY | Monetary values, including unit | 100 долари, 5 милиони евра, 50 фунти |
| ‱ PERCENT | Percentage, including "%" | 20%, осумдесет проценти, 0,5% |
| ⚖️ QUANTITY | Measurements (weight, distance) | 5 км, 100 фунти, 30 квадратни метри |
| 🔢 ORDINAL | "First", "second", etc. | прв, 2, деветти |
| 🔢 CARDINAL | Numbers not classified elsewhere | 10, илјада, три |
| 📦 PRODUCT | Objects, vehicles, foods, etc. (not services) | iPhone, Tesla Model S, Coca-Cola |
| 🎨 WORK_OF_ART | Titles of books, songs, etc. | Мона Лиза, Боемска рапсодија, Хамлет |
| 📜 LAW | Named legal documents | Устав, Версајски договор |
| 🗣️ LANGUAGE | Named languages | Англиски, Пајтон, Мандарински |
Ако ја обработиме фразата „Гугл е со седиште во Калифорнија“, слоевите изгледаат вака:
Лема: "Google", "be", "base", "in", "California"
УПОС: "PROPN(Proper Noun)", "AUX(Auxiliary)", "VERB(Verb)", "ADP(Adposition)", "PROPN(Proper Noun)"
XPOS: "NNP(Proper noun, singular)", "VBZ(Verb, 3rd person singular present)", "VBN(Verb, past participle)", "IN(Preposition or subordinating conjunction)", "NNP(Proper noun, singular)"
DEP: „Google“ е nsubj (номинален предмет) на глаголот „based“ што е Root (корен на реченицата).
NER: „Гугл“ е 🏢 ORG (Организација), „Калифорнија“ е 🌍 GPE (геополитички ентитет).
Arabic -
Catalan -
Chinese -
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Croatian -
Danish -
Dutch -
English -
Filipino -
Finnish -
French -
German -
Greek -
Hebrew -
Hindi -
Italian -
Indonesian -
Japanese -
Korean -
Latin -
Lithuanian -
Macedonian -
Norwegian -
Polish -
Portuguese -
Romanian -
Russian -
Slovenian -
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