UPOS (Universal Part-of-Speech) tags are a core component of the Universal Dependencies (UD) project, designed to provide a standardized, fixed set of 17 categories that remain consistent across all human languages. Unlike language-specific systems (XPOS), which reflect the unique morphological intricacies of a single tongue, UPOS focuses on the functional role of a word. By stripping away language-specific "noise," UPOS allows researchers and developers to compare syntactic structures cross-linguistically and facilitates Cross-Lingual Transfer Learning—where an AI model trained on one language (like English) can apply its structural knowledge to another (like Romanian or Korean). It essentially serves as a "Lingua Franca" for computational linguistics, ensuring that a NOUN remains a NOUN whether the underlying grammar is agglutinative, fusional, or analytic.
Try our Classical-Chinese UPOS tagging now.
| Group | Tag | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Open Class | ADJ | Adjective | 大、舊、綠、難以理解、第一 |
| ADV | Adverb | 非常、明天、下、哪裡、那裡 | |
| INTJ | Interjection | psst，哎呀，太棒了，你好 | |
| NOUN | Noun (common) | 女孩、貓、樹、空氣、美麗 | |
| PROPN | Proper Noun | 瑪麗、約翰、倫敦、北約、HBO | |
| VERB | Verb | 跑，跑，跑，吃，吃，吃 | |
| Closed Class | ADP | Adposition | 在、到、期間 |
| AUX | Auxiliary | 是、已經（完成）、將要（做）、應該（做） | |
| CONJ | Conjunction | and、or、but（舊標籤） | |
| CCONJ | Coordinating Conjunction | 並且、或、但是 | |
| SCONJ | Subordinating Conjunction | 如果、同時、那個 | |
| DET | Determiner | 一個，一個， | |
| NUM | Numeral | 1, 2017, 一, 七十七, MMXIV | |
| PART | Particle | ，不是 | |
| PRON | Pronoun | 我，你，他，她，我自己，他們自己，某人 | |
| Other | PUNCT | Punctuation | ., (, ), ?, ] |
| SYM | Symbol | $, %, +, −, :), 🐻 | |
| X | Other / Foreign | sfpksdpsxmsa, ..., foreign words | |
| SPACE | Space | newlines, tabs, extra spaces |
XPOS (Language-Specific Part-of-Speech) tagging offers a much higher level of granularity than the broader UPOS (Universal Part-of-Speech) system. While UPOS provides a standardized set of labels designed to work consistently across every language—ensuring that a NOUN in English is treated similarly to a NOUN in XPOS preserves the unique "linguistic DNA" of a specific language. It is the engine behind complex morphological analysis, allowing a system to distinguish not just that a word is a "Verb," but specifically that it is a "Third-Person, Singular, Past Tense, Passive Voice" verb. By capturing the deep grammatical details that UPOS omits for the sake of universality, XPOS enables the creation of translation tools and parsers that understand the precise inflectional logic of a specific culture and tongue.
Classical Chinese is an isolating language, meaning words do not undergo grammatical inflections (like tense endings or case marking). Consequently, the Stanza lzh pipeline uses the Kyoto University Kanbun (UD) Tagset, which classifies words based on a rigorous 4-level semantic hierarchy: [Primary Class], [Part of Speech], [Semantic Category], [Semantic Subclass/Feature]. Levels that are irrelevant or flat are denoted with an asterisk (*).
Try our Classical-Chinese XPOS tagging now.
| Category | Abbreviation (Hierarchy) | English Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pronouns | n,代名詞,人称,他 |
Personal Pronoun, 3rd Person | 之 (him/her), 其 (his/their) |
n,代名詞,人称,止格 |
Personal Pronoun, Objective Case | 之 (him/it), 予 (me) | |
n,代名詞,人称,起格 |
Personal Pronoun, Nominative Case | 吾 (I), 汝 (you), 我 (I) | |
n,代名詞,指示,* |
Demonstrative Pronoun | 此 (this), 是 (this), 彼 (that) | |
n,代名詞,疑問,* |
Interrogative Pronoun | 何 (what), 誰 (who), 孰 (which) | |
| Nouns: Inalienable |
n,名詞,不可譲,属性 |
Inalienable Noun, Root Attribute | 徳 (virtue), 性 (nature), 名 (name) |
n,名詞,不可譲,疾病 |
Inalienable Noun, Disease/Illness | 疾 (sickness), 病 (illness) | |
n,名詞,不可譲,身体 |
Inalienable Noun, Body Part | 目 (eye), 心 (heart/mind), 首 (head) | |
| Nouns: Agents & Entities |
n,名詞,主体,動物 |
Animate Entity, Animal | 馬 (horse), 牛 (ox), 鳥 (bird) |
n,名詞,主体,国名 |
Animate/Political Entity, Country Name | 齊 (Qi), 秦 (Qin), 楚 (Chu) | |
n,名詞,主体,書物 |
Animate/Cultural Entity, Book/Text | 書 (Book/Chronicle), 詩 (Odes) | |
n,名詞,主体,機関 |
Animate Entity, Institution/Office | 朝 (court), 官 (office) | |
n,名詞,主体,神仏 |
Animate Entity, Deity/Spirit | 神 (god/spirit), 天 (Heaven) | |
n,名詞,主体,集団 |
Animate Entity, Group/Community | 党 (faction/factional group), 軍 (army) | |
n,名詞,行為,* |
Noun of Action / Abstract Act | 事 (affair/business), 政 (government) | |
| Nouns: Human & Social |
n,名詞,人,その他の人名 |
Human, Miscellaneous Personal Name | 孔子 (Confucius), 老子 (Laozi) |
n,名詞,人,人 |
Human, General Person | 人 (person), 民 (the people) | |
n,名詞,人,名 |
Human, Given Name | 丘 (Qiu - personal name of Confucius) | |
n,名詞,人,姓氏 |
Human, Surname / Clan Name | 李 (Li), 王 (Wang) | |
n,名詞,人,役割 |
Human, Role/Title/Occupation | 王 (king), 臣 (minister), 賊 (thief) | |
n,名詞,人,複合的人名 |
Human, Compound/Complex Name | 西門豹 (Ximen Bao) | |
n,名詞,人,関係 |
Human, Kinship/Social Relation | 父 (father), 子 (son), 友 (friend) | |
| Nouns: Objects & Environment |
n,制度,儀礼 |
Institutional Noun, Ritual/Ceremony | 禮 (ritual/propriety), 樂 (music) |
n,制度,場 |
Institutional Noun, Social Venue/Domain | 校 (school), 郷 (village) | |
n,名詞,可搬,乗り物 |
Movable Object, Vehicle | 車 (chariot/cart), 舟 (boat) | |
n,名詞,可搬,伝達 |
Movable Object, Communication Medium | 信 (letter/token), 命 (decree) | |
n,名詞,可搬,成果物 |
Movable Object, Product/Artifact | 貨 (goods), 財 (wealth) | |
n,名詞,可搬,糧食 |
Movable Object, Food/Provisions | 粟 (grain), 食 (food), 酒 (wine) | |
n,名詞,可搬,道具 |
Movable Object, Tool/Weapon | 器 (vessel), 兵 (weapon), 筆 (brush) | |
n,名詞,固定物,地名 |
Immovable Object, Place Name | 長安 (Chang'an), 洛陽 (Luoyang) | |
n,名詞,固定物,地形 |
Immovable Object, Landform/Geography | 山 (mountain), 川 (river), 谷 (valley) | |
n,名詞,固定物,建造物 |
Immovable Object, Infrastructure/Building | 城 (city wall), 宮 (palace), 室 (room) | |
n,名詞,固定物,樹木 |
Immovable Object, Tree/Flora | 木 (wood/tree), 樹 (tree), 松 (pine) | |
n,名詞,固定物,関係 |
Immovable Object, Spatial Relation | 東 (east), 左 (left), 前 (front) | |
| Nouns: Phenomena & Measures |
n,名詞,外観,人 |
Phenomenal Appearance, Human Look | 貌 (appearance/countenance) |
n,名詞,天象,天文 |
Celestial Phenomenon, Astronomy | 日 (sun), 月 (moon), 星 (star) | |
n,名詞,天象,怪異 |
Celestial Phenomenon, Omen/Portent | 妖 (anomaly/portent), 災 (calamity) | |
n,名詞,天象,気象 |
Celestial Phenomenon, Weather | 雨 (rain), 風 (wind), 雲 (cloud) | |
n,名詞,度量衡,* |
Noun of Weights and Measures | 斤 (jin), 升 (sheng) | |
n,名詞,思考,思考 |
Abstract Noun, Thought/Concept | 意 (intent), 志 (will/ambition) | |
n,名詞,数量,* |
Noun of Quantity | 尺 (linear foot), 畝 (mu/acre) | |
n,名詞,時,* |
Noun of Time | 今 (now), 昔 (past), 春 (spring) | |
| Numerals | n,数詞,干支,* |
Hexagenary Cycle (Stem/Branch) | 甲 (jia), 子 (zi), 癸 (gui) |
n,数詞,数,* |
Number Concept/Quantity | 數 (numerical amount/count) | |
n,数詞,数字,* |
Direct Digit | 一 (one), 五 (five), 百 (hundred) | |
| Particles & Grammatical Markers |
p,助詞,句末,* |
Sentence-Final Particle | 也 (assertive), 乎 (interrogative), 矣 (modal) |
p,助詞,句頭,* |
Sentence-Initial Particle | 夫 (now then...), 蓋 (for/indeed) | |
p,助詞,接続,並列 |
Conjunctional Particle, Coordinating | 與 (and) | |
p,助詞,接続,体言化 |
Conjunctional Particle, Nominalizer | 者 (the one who/that which) | |
p,助詞,接続,属格 |
Conjunctional Particle, Genitive/Attributive | 之 (of / 's) | |
p,助詞,提示,* |
Topicalizing / Topic-Marker Particle | 者 (as for...), 也 (topic marker) | |
p,感嘆詞,*,* |
Interjection / Exclamation | 嗟 (alas!), 唯 (ah/yes) | |
p,接尾辞,*,* |
Suffix | 然 (-ly / adjective-forming suffix) | |
| Text & Symbols |
s,文字,*,* |
Grapheme / Character Token | (Used for individual orthographic tokens) |
s,記号,一般,* |
General Symbol / Punctuation Mark | 。 (Full stop) | |
s,記号,括弧開,* |
Open Bracket / Quotation Mark | 「 (Open quote), 『 (Open double quote) | |
s,記号,読点,* |
Comma / Pause Indicator | 、 (Enumeration comma), ， (Comma) | |
| Prepositions | v,前置詞,基盤,* |
Preposition, Locative Base | 獲得 (at/in), 于 (in/to) |
v,前置詞,源泉,* |
Preposition, Source/Origin | 自 (from), 由 (from/by) | |
v,前置詞,経由,* |
Preposition, Path/Via/Means | 以 (by means of), 因 (through) | |
v,前置詞,関係,* |
Preposition, Dative/Relational Target | 與 (with/for) | |
| Adverbs: Modal & Negation |
v,副詞,判断,推定 |
Adverb of Judgment, Speculative/Presumptive | 其 (probably), 恐 (lest/perhaps) |
v,副詞,判断,確定 |
Adverb of Judgment, Assertive/Certainty | 必 (certainly), 固 (inherently/indeed) | |
v,副詞,判断,逆接 |
Adverb of Judgment, Adversative Connective | 猶 (yet/still), 況 (how much more) | |
v,副詞,否定,体言否定 |
Adverb of Negation, Nominal/Noun Negator | 非 (is not) | |
v,副詞,否定,有界 |
Adverb of Negation, Bounded/Perfective | 未 (not yet) | |
v,副詞,否定,無界 |
Adverb of Negation, Unbounded/General | 不 (not), 毋 (not) | |
v,副詞,否定,禁止 |
Adverb of Negation, Prohibitive Imperative | 勿 (do not), 毋 (do not), 莫 (none/do not) | |
| Adverbs: Aspect, Time & Scope |
v,副詞,描写,* |
Descriptive Manner Adverb | 徒 (in vain/merely), 熟 (thoroughly) |
v,副詞,時相,変化 |
Temporal Adverb, Inceptive/Changing Aspect | 始 (begin to) | |
v,副詞,時相,完了 |
Temporal Adverb, Perfective/Already | 既 (already), 已 (already) | |
v,副詞,時相,将来 |
Temporal Adverb, Future/Prospective | 將 (about to/will), 且 (about to) | |
v,副詞,時相,恒常 |
Temporal Adverb, Habitual/Habit | 常 (always/regularly) | |
v,副詞,時相,現在 |
Temporal Adverb, Progressive/Present | 方 (just then/currently) | |
v,副詞,時相,終局 |
Temporal Adverb, Finality/Ultimately | 卒 (finally), 遂 (consequently/then) | |
v,副詞,時相,継起 |
Temporal Adverb, Successive Action | 乃 (then/thereupon), 而 (then) | |
v,副詞,時相,緊接 |
Temporal Adverb, Immediate/Proximate Time | 立 (immediately), 輒 (at once) | |
v,副詞,時相,過去 |
Temporal Adverb, Past/Former Time | 嘗 (once/formerly) | |
v,副詞,疑問,原因 |
Interrogative Adverb, Causal (Why) | 何 (why/how) | |
v,副詞,疑問,反語 |
Interrogative Adverb, Rhetorical Negative | 豈 (how could it be that...?) | |
v,副詞,疑問,所在 |
Interrogative Adverb, Locative (Where) | 安 (where/how), 惡 (where/how) | |
v,副詞,程度,やや高度 |
Adverb of Degree, Moderately High | 頗 (somewhat/rather) | |
v,副詞,程度,極度 |
Adverb of Degree, Superlative/Extremely | 甚 (very), 最 (most), 太 (too) | |
| Adverbs: Aspect, Time & Scope (Cont.) |
v,副詞,程度,軽度 |
Adverb of Degree, Slight/Mild | 少 (slightly/a little) |
v,副詞,範囲,共同 |
Adverb of Scope, Comitative/Jointly | 共 (together), 相 (mutually) | |
v,副詞,範囲,総括 |
Adverb of Scope, Exhaustive/Total | 皆 (all), 悉 (entirely), 尽 (completely) | |
v,副詞,範囲,限定 |
Adverb of Scope, Restrictive/Exclusive | 獨 (alone/only), 唯 (only), 但 (merely) | |
v,副詞,頻度,偶発 |
Adverb of Frequency, Accidental/Occasional | 適 (by chance/happened to) | |
v,副詞,頻度,重複 |
Adverb of Frequency, Iterative/Repetitive | 復 (again), 再 (twice) | |
v,副詞,頻度,頻繁 |
Adverb of Frequency, Frequent/Repetitive | 數 (frequently), 每 (every time) | |
| Auxiliary Verbs |
v,助動詞,受動,* |
Auxiliary Verb, Passive Voice | 見 (be [verb]ed), 被 (be [verb]ed) |
v,助動詞,可能,* |
Auxiliary Verb, Potentiality/Ability | 可 (can/permissible), 能 (able to), 得 (manage to) | |
v,助動詞,必要,* |
Auxiliary Verb, Deontic Necessity/Obligation | 當 (should/ought to), 須 (must) | |
v,助動詞,願望,* |
Auxiliary Verb, Desiderative/Volitional | 欲 (want to/wish to), 敢 (dare to) | |
| Verbs: Stative & Causative |
n,名詞,描写,形質 |
Noun acting as Stative Descriptive Noun | (Deadjectival abstract attribute) |
n,名詞,描写,態度 |
Noun acting as Behavioral Manner Attribute | (Abstract noun of style/disposition) | |
v,動詞,変化,制度 |
Verb of Alternation, Structural/Institutional | 改 (reform/change), 立 (establish) | |
v,動詞,変化,性質 |
Verb of Alternation, Qualitative Mutation | 化 (transform), 变 (change) | |
v,動詞,変化,生物 |
Verb of Alternation, Biological Growth/Life | 生 (bear/live), 死 (die), 老 (grow old) | |
v,動詞,存在,存在 |
Verb of Existence, Existential Copula | 有 (there is/possess), 無 (there is no/lack) | |
v,動詞,描写,境遇 |
Descriptive Verb, Circumstantial State | 貧 (be poor), 富 (be rich), 窮 (be destitute) | |
v,動詞,描写,形質 |
Descriptive Stative Verb, Qualitative Attribute | 大 (be big), 善 (be good), 白 (be white) | |
| Verbs: Stative & Causative (Cont.) |
v,動詞,描写,態度 |
Descriptive Verb, Mental Attitude/Disposition | 忠 (be loyal), 孝 (be filial) |
v,動詞,描写,量 |
Descriptive Verb, Quantitative Property | 多 (be many), 少 (be few) | |
| Verbs: Active Actions |
v,動詞,行為,交流 |
Verb of Action, Social Interaction/Exchange | 友 (befriend), 敵 (oppose/fight) |
v,動詞,行為,伝達 |
Verb of Action, Communicative Act/Speech | 言 (speak), 曰 (say), 問 (ask), 告 (tell) | |
v,動詞,行為,使役 |
Verb of Action, Causative/Command Execution | 使 (cause/send), 令 (command) | |
v,動詞,行為,儀礼 |
Verb of Action, Ritualistic performance | 祭 (sacrifice to), 拜 (bow to) | |
v,動詞,行為,分類 |
Verb of Action, Categorization/Equative | 謂 (call/name), 為 (act as/constitute) | |
v,動詞,行為,動作 |
Verb of Action, General Kinetic/Physical Act | 為 (do/make), 治 (govern), 攻 (attack) | |
v,動詞,行為,姿勢 |
Verb of Action, Body Stance/Posture | 坐 (sit), 立 (stand), 臥 (lie down) | |
v,動詞,行為,役割 |
Verb of Action, Role Execution/Office Serving | 王 (rule over as king), 将 (command an army) | |
v,動詞,行為,得失 |
Verb of Action, Acquisition or Loss | 得 (obtain), 亡 (lose/flee), 失 (lose) | |
v,動詞,行為,態度 |
Verb of Action, Intentional / Behavioral Attitude | 敬 (honor/respect), 慢 (neglect/slight) | |
v,動詞,行為,生産 |
Verb of Action, Manufacturing/Agriculture | 耕 (plow), 織 (weave), 作 (create) | |
v,動詞,行為,移動 |
Verb of Action, Spatial Motion/Locomotion | 行 (go/walk), 來 (come), 至 (arrive), 歸 (return) | |
v,動詞,行為,設置 |
Verb of Action, Placement/Configuration | 置 (place), 居 (dwell/settle) | |
v,動詞,行為,飲食 |
Verb of Action, Consumption | 食 (eat), 飲 (drink) |
The DEP (Syntactic Dependency) refers to the specific grammatical relationship between a "child" token and its "head" (parent) token. While primary labels (like nsubj or obj) describe the basic structure, attachments starting with a colon (:) provide fine-grained sub-type information. For instance, while nsubj identifies a subject, :pass refines this to show the subject is being acted upon (Passive Voice). Similarly, :nn (Noun Compound) or :assmod (Associative Modifier) help the parser distinguish between simple modifiers and complex ownership or compound relationships, allowing for a much deeper "logical" understanding of the sentence.
| Category | Label | Meaning | Example (Token in bold) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Core Arguments | nsubj | Nominal subject | 埃隆吃東西。 |
| csubj | Clausal subject | 他所做的是錯的。 | |
| obj | Direct object | 我看到月亮。 | |
| iobj | Indirect object | 她給了我一份禮物。 | |
| ccomp | Clausal complement (finite) | 他說他累了。 | |
| xcomp | Open clausal complement | 我想去走路。 | |
| Non-Core Dependents | obl | Oblique nominal | 他坐在椅子上。 |
| vocative | Vocative | 約翰，過來！ | |
| expl | Expletive | 那裡有一隻貓。 | |
| dislocated | Dislocated element | 那個人，我認識他。 | |
| advcl | Adverbial clause modifier | 他到達後我就離開了。 | |
| advmod | Adverbial modifier | 跑快。 | |
| discourse | Discourse element | 嗯，我不確定。 | |
| aux | Auxiliary | 我可以看到。 | |
| cop | Copula | 她很快樂。 | |
| mark | Subordinating marker | 我知道你也知道。 | |
| Nominal Dependents | nmod | Nominal modifier | 汽車門。 |
| appos | Appositional modifier | 山姆，我的朋友。 | |
| nummod | Numeric modifier | 七天。 | |
| acl | Adjectival clause | 獲勝的計畫。 | |
| amod | Adjectival modifier | 藍色天空。 | |
| det | Determiner | 結束。 | |
| case | Case marking | 法國國王。 | |
| fixed | Fixed multiword expression | 儘管如此。 | |
| flat | Flat multiword name | 紐約市。 | |
| compound | Compound noun | 電話亭。 | |
| list | List element | 電話、鑰匙、錢包。 | |
| Coordination | conj | Conjunct | 麵包和奶油。 |
| cc | Coordinating conjunction | 麵包和奶油。 | |
| Special Labels | aux:pass | Passive auxiliary | 它被偷了。 |
| punct | Punctuation | 你好！ | |
| dep | Unspecified dependency | （用於未知連結） | |
| ROOT | Root of the sentence | 我吃了午餐。 |
| Attachment | Full Name | Explanation | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| :pass | Passive | Indicates a relationship in a passive voice construction. | nsubj:pass（視窗被打破） |
| :nn | Noun Compound | Indicates that a noun is modifying another noun in a compound structure. | compound:nn（手機充電器） |
| :prep | Prepositional | Refines a modifier governed specifically by a preposition. | nmod:prep（墊子上的貓） |
| :assmod | Associative Modifier | Common in Romanian/Baltic languages; shows nouns modifying other nouns. | nmod:assmod（我父親的車） |
| :poss | Possessive | Indicates ownership or a possessive relationship. | nmod:poss（我的狗，約翰的帽子） |
| :relcl | Relative Clause | Identifies a clause that modifies a noun phrase. | acl:relcl（我讀過的書） |
| :tmod | Temporal Modifier | A modifier specifically describing time or duration. | nmod:tmod（我星期二離開） |
| :prt | Particle | Used for phrasal verb particles. | compound:prt（放棄上，關閉下） |
| :rcomp | Relative Complement | Used for complements of relative clauses (common in Dutch). | advcl:rcomp（離開的人） |
| :flat | Flat Modifier | Used for multi-word expressions that don't have a clear internal head. | flat:name（總統歐巴馬） |
NER (Named Entity Recognition) is a Natural Language Processing (NLP) task that automatically identifies and categorizes key information (entities) in a text into predefined classes. In spaCy, the statistical model "looks" at the context of a word to determine if it refers to a person, an organization, a monetary value, or a specific date. This is crucial for extracting structured data from unstructured text, such as finding all the company names mentioned in a news article or identifying the dates of events in a history book.
Comparison Note: GPE vs. LOC
Determining whether a place is a GPE or a LOC depends on its political nature:
GPE (Geopolitical Entity): If the location has a government, specific laws, or human-defined administrative borders, it is labeled as a GPE. Examples include Seoul, Germany, the United Kingdom, and California.
LOC (Location): If the place is a natural physical feature or a broad geographic region without a singular governing body, it is labeled as a LOC. Examples include the Alps, the Pacific Ocean, the Middle East, and Mount Everest.
| Label | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| 🌍 GPE | Geopolitical entity (countries, cities, states) | 美國、紐約、法國、加州 |
| 🏔️ LOC | Non-political location (mountains, rivers) | 太平洋、珠穆朗瑪峰、阿爾卑斯山 |
| 🏢 FAC | Facility (buildings, airports, highways) | 金門大橋、甘迺迪機場、哈利法塔 |
| 👤 PERSON | People (real or fictional) | 馬斯克、哈利波特、艾倫圖靈 |
| 🚩 NORP | Nationalities, religious or political groups | 美國、佛教徒、民主黨、日本 |
| 🏢 ORG | Organizations (companies, institutions) | Google、聯合國、蘋果、國際足總 |
| 📅 DATE | Absolute or relative dates | 2026年7月4日，昨天，下週 |
| ⌚ TIME | Times smaller than a day | 上午 9:30，日落，十分鐘 |
| 🎊 EVENT | Named events (wars, festivals) | 第二次世界大戰、科切拉音樂節、奧運 |
| 💰 MONEY | Monetary values, including unit | 100 美元、500 萬歐元、50 英鎊 |
| ‱ PERCENT | Percentage, including "%" | 20%、百分之八十、0.5% |
| ⚖️ QUANTITY | Measurements (weight, distance) | 5公里，100磅，30平方公尺 |
| 🔢 ORDINAL | "First", "second", etc. | 第一、第二、第九 |
| 🔢 CARDINAL | Numbers not classified elsewhere | 10、一千、三 |
| 📦 PRODUCT | Objects, vehicles, foods, etc. (not services) | iPhone、特斯拉 Model S、可口可樂 |
| 🎨 WORK_OF_ART | Titles of books, songs, etc. | 蒙娜麗莎、波希米亞狂想曲、哈姆雷特 |
| 📜 LAW | Named legal documents | 憲法、凡爾賽條約 |
| 🗣️ LANGUAGE | Named languages | 英文、Python、國語 |
如果我們處理短語“Google is based in California”，圖層將如下所示：
引理: "Google", "be", "base", "in", "California"
統一POS: "PROPN(Proper Noun)", "AUX(Auxiliary)", "VERB(Verb)", "ADP(Adposition)", "PROPN(Proper Noun)"
XPOS: "NNP(Proper noun, singular)", "VBZ(Verb, 3rd person singular present)", "VBN(Verb, past participle)", "IN(Preposition or subordinating conjunction)", "NNP(Proper noun, singular)"
DEP: 「Google」是動詞「based」的 nsubj（名目主詞），即 Root（句子的根）。
NER: 「Google」是一個 🏢 ORG（組織），「加州」是一個 🌍 GPE（地緣政治實體）。
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